No. 79-1261.United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit.Argued April 16, 1980.
Decided October 9, 1980.
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Joseph M. Kittner, Washington, D.C., with whom Norman P. Leventhal, Joseph DeFranco and Howard Monderer, Washington, D.C., were on the brief, for petitioners.
Jules M. Perlberg, Chicago, Ill., with whom David J. Lewis, Washington, D.C., Alfred A. Green, New York City, and Edgar Mayfield, Bedminster, N. J., were on the brief, for intervenor ATT.
Daniel M. Armstrong, Associate Gen. Counsel, F. C. C., Washington, D.C., with whom David J. Saylor, Deputy Gen. Counsel, and Jack David Smith, Counsel, F. C. C., Washington, D.C., were on the brief, for respondents. Barry Grossman, William D. Caston and J. Mark Manner, Attys., U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., also entered appearances for respondent U.S.
Jay E. Ricks, Washington, D.C., with whom R. Clark Wadlow and Gardner F. Gillespie, Washington, D.C., were on the brief, for intervenors Hughes Television Network, Inc., et al.
J. Laurent Scharff, Washington, D.C., was on the brief for intervenor Ass’n of Independent Television Stations, Inc. Richard M. Singer and Jack N. Goodman, Washington, D.C., also entered appearances for intervenor Ass’n of Independent Television Stations, Inc.
Donald E. Ward, Washington, D.C., was on the brief for intervenor Robert Wold Co., Inc.
James F. Fitzpatrick, David H. Lloyd and Robert S. Thorpe, Washington, D.C., were on the brief for intervenor Commissioner of Baseball.
Warren C. Zwicky, Washington, D.C., was on the brief for intervenor Storer Broadcasting Co.
Phillip R. Hochberg, Washington, D.C., was on the brief for intervenor National Basketball Assn. Douglas M. Carnival, Washington, D.C., also entered an appearance for intervenor National Basketball Assn.
E. William Henry, Washington, D.C., and Lawrence P. Keller, Washington, D.C., were on the brief for intervenor Independent Television News Assn.
Harry M. Plotkin, George H. Shapiro, Gary M. Epstein, Cynthia L. Hathaway and Theodore D. Frank, Washington, D.C., were on the brief for intervenors Madison Square Garden Center, Inc., et al.
Petition for Review of an Order of the Federal Communications Commission.
Before TAMM and WILKEY, Circuit Judges, and RONALD N. DAVIES,[*] Senior District Judge for the District of North Dakota.
Opinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge TAMM.
Circuit Judge WILKEY concurs in the result.
TAMM, Circuit Judge:
[1] The three television networks petition for review of a portion of a Federal Communications Commission order rejecting American Telephone and Telegraph Company’s (ATT) tariff filing for television broadcast service. Petitioners challenge the Commission’s finding that ATT’s part- and fulltime service categories are “like communication services” under 47 U.S.C. § 202(a) (1976). We find the Commission properly applied the correct standard in making its likeness determination and accordingly we dismiss the petitions.[2] I. BACKGROUND
[3] This case involves ATT’s Transmittal No. 12793 to FCC Tariff No. 260, Series 7000 local channel and Type 7001 interexchange channel and station connection television service. This service offers one directional channel service to distributors of television programming.[1] The service consists of three basic elements: local channels (television loops), which connect the point of program origination (e. g., television studio
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or sports stadium) to an ATT television operating center (TOC); interexchange channels (IXC), which link the TOCs; and station connections, which transmit the signal from TOCs to local stations for broadcast to viewers.[2]
[4] ATT has offered two service categories from the beginning of the transmission service in 1948. Originally, customers could opt for either a monthly service in which they purchased at prescribed rates a minimum of eight hours service each day or the hourly occasional service with charges computed based on the amount of time purchased. In 1973, upon Commission acceptance of a stipulated tariff structure, see American Telephone Telegraph Co., 44 F.C.C.2d 525 (1973), ATT changed the categories, giving purchasers the option of buying 24-hour “full-time” service for a minimum period of a month or using the occasional (now called “part-time”) hourly rates. [5] In 1977, in response to Commission directives concerning cost principles, see American Telephone Telegraph Co., 61 F.C.C.2d 587 (1976) [hereinafter cited as Docket 18128], aff’d in part and vacated in part sub nom. Aeronautical Radio, Inc. v. FCC,No. 77-1333 (D.C. Cir. June 24, 1980), ATT filed Transmittal 12793 to its Series 7000 tariff schedules. The filing retained the same basic categories that had been established in 1973 but extended to one year the minimum period for full-time service. The tariff also raised prices sharply for part-time service and both raised and lowered full-time rates.[3] ATT believed that the filing “provide[s] structures and rate levels which more closely reflect the costs incurred in the provision of full-time and part-time television services and . . . improve[s] the revenue/cost relationship for the total service category. Moreover, it is designed to meet the requirements of [Docket 18128].” Letter from W. E. Albert, ATT, to Secretary, FCC, at 2 (Aug. 1, 1977) (Cover letter to Transmittal 12793). ATT filed thirteen volumes of supporting cost data. [6] The major networks supported the filing. As users of the full-time service, they would benefit from the lower tariffs. Others were less satisfied. Independent television stations, sports networks, and other users of part-time service urged the Commission to reject the tariff. They objected violently to the proposed tariffs because their costs would increase substantially. [7] The Commission rejected the tariff, citing seven independent deficiencies in the filing.[4] American Telephone Telegraph Co., 67 F.C.C.2d 1134 (1978). The Commission found that ATT’s full- and part-time service categories are “like communication services” within the meaning of section 202(a) of the Communications Act, 47 U.S.C. § 202(a) (1976).[5] ATT thus had the burden of introducing cost data to justify the differences in rates. The Commission rejected the tariff because ATT did not offer the necessary data. [8] Two independent findings supported the Commission’s decision that ATT’s service categories are “like communication
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services.” First, the Commission held that continued use of these categories violated its decision in Sports Network Inc. v. American Telephone Telegraph Co., 25 F.C.C.2d 560 (1968) aff’d sub nom. Hughes Sports Network, Inc. v. American Telephone Telegraph Co., 25 F.C.C.2d 550 (Rev.Bd. 1970), aff’d, 34 F.C.C.2d 691 (1972) [hereinafter cited as SNI]. In that case, the Hearing Examiner found that the monthly and occasional interexchange channels were like services whose rate structure was unduly discriminatory under 47 U.S.C. § 202(a).[6]
Second, the Commission determined that full- and part-time services were not “different in any material functional respect.”American Trucking Associations, Inc. v. FCC, 377 F.2d 121, 127 (D.C. Cir. 1966), cert. denied, 386 U.S. 943, 87 S.Ct. 973, 17 L.Ed.2d 874 (1967). This finding of functional equivalency requires a proponent of two services to justify any difference in costs for those services.[7]
[10] II. DISCUSSION
[11] As a threshold issue, the Commission asserts that this court lacks jurisdiction to hear this petition. The networks challenge only two of the several independent reasons given by the Commission for rejection; even if the challenges are upheld, the rejection order will stand. The Commission therefore asserts that petitioners are challenging only the subsidiary findings of the Commission and not a final order. See American Telephone Telegraph Co. v. FCC, 602 F.2d 401 (D.C. Cir. 1979) (dismissing petition for review of certain findings in Commission proceeding because other independent reasons for action were unchallenged).
and 28 U.S.C. § 2342 (1976).[10] See Papago Tribal Authority v. FERC, 628 F.2d 235, at 241 n. 16 (D.C. Cir. 1980). Section 2342 gives this court exclusive jurisdiction to “set aside, suspend (in whole or in part)” any
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final order. 28 U.S.C. § 2342 (1976) (emphasis added). This grant gives the court the power to hear and suspend objectionable portions of a final order. Furthermore, these jurisdictional statutes are flexible. As Chief Judge Wright noted in American Telephone Telegraph Co. v. FCC, 602 F.2d 401, 409
(D.C. Cir. 1979), “Sections 402(a) and 2342 contain sufficient play to permit judicial intervention where it seems that an agency has departed from the normal course of its proceedings to make gratuitous prejudicial determinations or has otherwise cloaked the kinds of actions and harms normally associated with orders in nonreviewable garb.” Petitioners make such a claim about the Commission’s actions. We believe this action is properly before this court.
(D.C. Cir. 1971), cert. denied, 405 U.S. 989, 92 S.Ct. 1251, 31 L.Ed.2d 445 (1972). Cf. Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. CAB, 543 F.2d 247
(D.C. Cir. 1976). [14] In this proceeding, however, the rejection of the tariff is not at issue. Petitioners seek a determination by this court of the legality of certain findings by the Commission. These findings will have prospective application only; as noted above, even if petitioners triumph on their claims, the tariff will not be accepted by the Commission. Accordingly, we believe the criteria for reviewing the rejection of a tariff are not applicable in this case. Instead, the general provisions for judicial review of agency action as set forth in the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 706 (1976), are controlling.[11] Given this standard of review, we turn to the merits of petitioners’ claims. [15] Petitioners claim that the Commission erred in using the functional equivalency test in determining whether full- and part-time services are “like.” They assert that this standard is vague and inconsistent with criteria used in other Commission decisions. Furthermore, they point to various factors mentioned in similar decisions made by other governmental agencies and allegedly ignored by the Commission and contend that this relevant information would have been available to the Commission had it held a hearing on the question. We believe that the functional equivalency test is a proper criterion for likeness, that the proceeding before the Commission produced adequate airing of the relevant factors, and that the Commission’s determination of likeness under this test is supported by substantial evidence. [16] Section 202(a) prohibits “unjust or unreasonable discrimination in charges” in the provision of “like communication services.”47 U.S.C. § 202(a). Under this provision, the Commission first determines whether the services are “like.” This question is decided on a case-by-case basis. Western Union International, Inc. v. FCC, 568 F.2d 1012, 1018 n. 11 (2d Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 944, 98 S.Ct. 299, 56 L.Ed.2d 785 (1978) American Telephone Telegraph Co. (WATS), 70 F.C.C.2d 593, 613-14 (1978). [17] A standard means for determining “likeness” is the functional equivalency test. Under this test as developed by the Commission, the inquiry centers on whether the services are “different in any material functional respect.” American Trucking Associations, Inc. v. FCC, 377 F.2d 121, 127 (D.C. Cir. 1966), cert. denied, 386 U.S. 943,
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87 S.Ct. 973, 17 L.Ed.2d 874 (1967).[12] The test looks to the nature of the services offered to determine likeness; the perspective of the customer faced with differing services is often considered a significant factor. See American Telephone Telegraph Co. (WATS), 70 F.C.C.2d 593, 609 614 (1978).
[18] Despite petitioners’ assertions, the functional equivalency test includes the proper elements necessary for making a determination of likeness under section 202(a). By looking to the nature and character of the services in question, the test focuses the initial inquiry under section 202(a) on the similarity of the services. Considerations of cost differentials and competitive necessity are properly excluded and introduced only when determining whether the discrimination is unreasonable or unjust. See Western Union International, Inc. v. FCC, 568 F.2d 1012, 1019 n. 15 (2d Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 944, 98 S.Ct. 2854, 56 L.Ed.2d 785 (1978). [19] Having found the functional equivalency test to be the proper standard, we further believe the Commission had substantial evidence to support its finding. The Commission noted that “[i]t is apparent from an examination of the face of ATT’s tariff and this filing that full time and part time users receive the identical transmission service.”[13] American Telephone Telegraph Co., 67 F.C.C.2d 1134, 1167 (1978). The Commission found, and ATT conceded, that customers regarded the full- and part time service as the same, with cost considerations being the sole determining criterion. Id. Moreover, cost was the only reason some major customers such as the networks preferred full-time service. Indeed, the substantial use of the part-time service by the networks demonstrated that they believed the services to be functionally equivalent. Id. at 1168. [20] We find this evidence substantially supports the Commission’s view that the services are functionally equivalent. Customers apparently view the two services as the same, making their decisions about service solely on the basis of price. This customer perception, in conjunction with petitioners’ failure to demonstrate that the two services in fact satisfy different communications requirements, provides substantial support for the Commission’s determination that the services are like. [21] Having made this showing, the Commission shifted the burden to ATT to justify the discrimination. In a decision not on review before this court, the Commission found that ATT did not meet this burden. It therefore rejected the tariff on this ground.[22] III. CONCLUSION
[23] ATT must now submit a new tariff for its Series 7000 service. The ruling in this proceeding in no way prohibits ATT from maintaining its present part- and full-time service categories. It must now demonstrate, however, in the new filing that the discrimination between these categories is not unjust or unreasonable under 47 U.S.C. § 202(a) (1976). The decision of the Commission is
case dealt only with interexchange channels but found “the rationale of the `like services’ finding in SNI . . . clearly applicable to Series 7000 full and part-time services and the comparable IXC, local channel and station connection rate elements at issue herein.” American Telephone Telegraph Co., 67 F.C.C.2d at 1166 n. 30.
American Telephone Telegraph Co., 70 F.C.C.2d 2031, 2052-53 (1979), were simply that, placing ATT under no obligation to adopt the improvements but only “to consider actively” the proposals. The Commission explicitly postponed entering into a prescription hearing to await further filings from ATT that would “provide an adequate record for prescription if [such] . . . is deemed necessary . . .” Id. at 2054 n. 25.
The court of appeals has exclusive jurisdiction to enjoin, set aside, suspend (in whole or in part), or to determine the validity of —
(1) all final orders of the Federal Communication [sic] Commission made reviewable by section 402(a) of title 47.
28 U.S.C. § 2342 (1976).
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